There are three subjects like Physics, Chemistry, and Biology (life science) which comes in General Science. All these three subjects are very very important and scoring for all competitive examinations like SSC, RRB, JSSC, BSSC, PSU, IES, NTPC, BHEL, IOCL, etc.

Here we provide you the Basics of All three subjects i.e Biology, Physics and Chemistry.

Introduction to Biology

Biology is the study of living things. It encompasses the cellular basis of living things, the energy metabolism that underlies the activities of life, and the genetic basis for inheritance in organisms. Biology also includes the study of evolutionary relationships among organisms and the diversity of life on Earth. It considers the biology of microorganisms, plants, and animals, for example, and it brings together the structural and functional relationships that underlie their day-to-day activities. Biology draws on the sciences of chemistry and physics for its foundations and applies the laws of these disciplines to living things.

Many subdisciplines and special areas of biology exist, which can be conveniently divided into practical and theoretical categories. Types of practical biology include plant breeding, wildlife management, medical science, and crop production. Theoretical biology encompasses such disciplines as physiology (the study of the function of living things), biochemistry (the study of the chemistry of organisms), taxonomy (classification), ecology (the study of populations and their interactions with each other and their environments), and microbiology (the study of microscopic organisms).

General Science Topic/Syllabus for NTPC, BANKING, UPSC, UPPCL, SSC, RRB, PSU, JSSC

There are three subjects like Physics, Chemistry, and Biology (life science) which comes in General Science. All these three subjects are very very important and scoring for all competitive examinations like SSC, RRB, JSSC, BSSC, PSU, IES, NTPC, BHEL, IOCL, etc.

Only Basic questions ask in any exams. You have to clear only concepts of Physics, Chemistry, and Biology to solve MCQ questions asked in these examinations. Here, This syllabus is a complete syllabus of General Science for all exams where you can trust. I also followed this syllabus to qualify the exam and never get any question from outside of this syllabus.

General Science Topic/Syllabus for NTPC, BANKING, UPSC, UPPCL, SSC, RRB, PSU, JSSC

CONTENTS

1. Biology

1.  Introduction

2. Classification of Organisms.

3. Cytology

4. Genetics

5. Structure of Plant and Animal Cell.

6. Classification of Plant Kingdom.

7. Plant Morphology

8. Plant tissue

9. Photosynthesis
10. Plant Hormones
11. Plant Diseases
12. Mode of Nutrition in Plant.
13. Control and Coordination in Plant
14. Sexual Reproduction in Flowering Plant.
15. Asexual Reproduction in Plants

16. Transport system in Plant.
17. Respiration and Excretion in plants.
18. The Cell: The foundation of all living things.
19. Cell: Structure and Functions.
20. Control and Coordination in Human.
21. Human Reproductive system.
22. Excretory system in Humans.
23. Respiratory system in Humans.
24. Human Circulatory system.
25. The Heart.
26. Composition of Blood.
27. Functions of Blood.
28. Human Digestive system.
29. Cell Division
30. Food and Nutrition.

31. Human Diseases.
32. Nuclear fission and nuclear fusion
33. Classification of Animal Kingdom.
34. The five kingdoms of life.
35. Mode of Nutrition in Animal.
36. Nutrition in Animal.
37. Sexual Reproduction in Animal.
38. Respiration in Animals.

2. Physics

1. Units & Dimensions

2. Motion

3. Work, Energy, and Power
4. Gravitation

5. Pressure

6. Floatation

7. Surface Tension

8. Viscosity

9. Elasticity

10. Simple Harmonic Motion

11. Wave

12. Sound Wave

13. Heat & Thermodynamics

14. Light

15. Static Electricity

16. Current Electricity.

17. Magnetism

18. Atomic and Nuclear Physics

19. Scientific Instruments.

20. Inventions

21. Radioactivity.

22. Nuclear fission and fusion

23. Electromagnetism

24. The four fundamental forces

25. The kinetic theory of matter

26. Magnetic effect of electric current

27. The Human eye and Defects

3. Chemistry

1. Matter and its state

2. Atomic Structure

3. Chemical Bonding

4. Periodic Classification of Element.

5. Oxidation and Reduction

6. Acids, Base, and Salts

7. Behaviour of Gases

8. Electrolysis

9. Carbon and its Compound

10. Fuels

11. Metallurgy

12. Metals and Non-metals

13. Chemical Reactions

14. Radioactivity

15. Electrochemistry

16. Catalyst

17. Hydrocarbons

18. List of important Drugs and Chemicals

19. Fertilizers

20. Concepts of pH scale.

I hope this article will help you to understand the General Science Topic /syllabus for all exams. This syllabus is a basic and very important for all exams.

Important Current Affairs Of 22 Jan, 2020 For All Competitive Exams

1-The Maharashtra government is to make it mandatory to teach the Marathi language in all schools in the state irrespective of mediums of instructions. The announcement was made by the Industries Minister Subhash Desai on 21 January during an interaction organized by the 'Mumbai Marathi Patrakar Sangh'. The government will enact a law during the next Assembly session in February 2020. The draft bill in this connection is being prepared. 

2- India and Brazil will be signing a Bilateral Investment Treaty (BIT) during the visit of Brazilian President Jair Bolsonaro as the Chief Guest of the Republic Day celebrations from 24-27 January 2020. Around 20 agreements are to be signed.

3- Uttar Pradesh state Government has launched Mukhyamantri Krishak Durghatna Kalyan Yojana. The scheme was launched after the cabinet meeting which was held on 21 January 2020. The announcement was made by the UP Power Minister Shrikant Sharma. The government also announced that it is to implement Mukhyamantri Paryatan Samvardhan Yojana.

4- The Union Minister of State for Shipping (I/C) and Chemical & Fertilizers Mansukh Mandaviya participated in the High-level roundtable of The Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS)  at World Economic Forum at Davos, Switzerland ion 21 January 2020.

Theme:
The theme of the roundtable is Access for all: Leveraging Innovations, Investments, and Partnerships for Health.

5- The Union Minister of State (I/C) Ministry of Development of North Eastern Region, Dr. Jitendra Singh inaugurated India's first global Mega Science Exhibition "Vigyan Samagam" at National Science Centre, New Delhi at 21 January 2020. It will be be held from 21 January to 20 March 2020 in New Delhi. The details about the exhibition, projects, and schedule are available on the Vigyan Samagam website www.vigyansamagam.in and on the mobile app Vigyan Samagam.

Syllabus of Combined Geo-Scientist (Main) Examination

Stage-II (Descriptive Type)

Chemistry : Paper-III (Analytical and Organic)

PART-A (Analytical Chemistry)

A1. Errors in quantitative analysis:
Accuracy and precision, sensitivity, specific standard deviation in analysis,
classification of errors and their minimization, significant figures, criteria for
rejection of data, Q-test, t-test, and F-test, control chart, sampling methods,
sampling errors, standard reference materials, statistical data treatment.
A2. Separation Methods:
Chromatographic analysis: Basic principles of chromatography (partition,
adsorption and ion exchange), column chromatography, plate concept, plate
height (HETP), normal phase and reversed phase concept, thin layer
chromatography, frontal analysis, principles of High Performance Liquid
Chromatography (HPLC) and Gas Liquid Chromatography (GLC), and Ionexchange
chromatography.
Solvent extraction: Classification, principle and efficiency of the technique,
mechanism of extraction, extraction by solvation and chelation, qualitative and
quantitative aspects of solvent extraction, extraction of metal ions from aqueous
solutions.
A3. Spectroscopic methods of analysis:
Lambert-Beer's Law and its limitations.
UV-Visible Spectroscopy: Basic principles of UV-Vis spectrophotometer,
Instrumentation consisting of source, monochromator, grating and detector,
spectrophotometric determinations (estimation of metal ions from aqueous
solutions, determination of composition of metal complexes using Job’s method
of continuous variation and mole ratio method).
Infra-red Spectrometry: Basic principles of instrumentation (choice of source,
monochromator and detector) for single and double beam instruments,
sampling techniques.
Flame atomic absorption and emission spectrometry: Basic principles of
instrumentation (choice of source, monochromator, detector, choice of flame
and burner design), techniques of atomization and sample introduction, method
of background correction, sources of chemical interferences and methods of
removal, techniques for the quantitative estimation of trace level metal ions.
Basic principles and theory of AAS. Three different modes of AAS - Flame-AAS,
VG-AAS, and GF-AAS. Single beam and double beam AAS. Function of Hollow
Cathode Lamp (HCL) and Electrode Discharge Lamp (EDL). Different types of
detectors used in AAS. Qualitative and quantitative analysis.
A4. Thermal methods of analysis:
Theory of thermogravimetry (TG), basic principle of instrumentation, techniques
for quantitative analysis of Ca and Mg compounds.
A5. X-ray methods of Analysis:
Introduction, theory of X-ray generation, X-ray spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction
and X-ray fluorescence methods, instrumentation and applications. Qualitative
and quantitative measurements. Powder diffraction method.
A6. Inductively coupled plasma spectroscopy:
Theory and principles, plasma generation, utility of peristaltic pump, sampler–
skimmer systems, ion lens, quadrupole mass analyzer, dynode / solid state
detector, different types of interferences- spectroscopic and non-spectroscopic
interferences, isobaric and molecular interferences, applications.
A7. Analysis of geological materials:
Analysis of minerals and ores- estimation of (i) CaCO3, MgCO3 in dolomite (ii)
Fe2O3, Al2O3, and TiO2 in bauxite (iii) MnO and MnO2 in pyrolusite. Analysis of
metals and alloys: (i) Cu and Zn in brass (ii) Cu, Zn, Fe, Mn, Al and Ni in bronze
(iii) Cr, Mn, Ni, and P in steel (iv) Pb, Sb, Sn in ‘type metal’.
Introduction to petroleum: constituents and petroleum fractionation. Analysis of
petroleum products: specific gravity, viscosity, Doctor test, aniline point, colour
determination, cloud point, pour point. Determination of water, neutralization
value (acid and base numbers), ash content, Determination of lead in petroleum.
Types of coal and coke, composition, preparation of sample for proximate and
ultimate analysis, calorific value by bomb calorimetry.

PART B (Organic chemistry)

B1. Unstable, uncharged intermediates:
Structure and reactivity of carbenes and nitrenes and their rearrangements
(Reimer-Tiemann, Hoffman, Curtius, Lossen, and Schimdt,).
B2. Addition reactions:
Addition to C-C multiple bonds: Mechanism of addition involving electrophiles,
nucleophiles and free radicals (polymerization reactions of alkenes and
substituted alkenes), Ziegler-Natta catalyst for polymerization, polyurethane,
and conducting polymers; addition to conjugated systems (Diels-Alder reaction),
orientation and reactivity (on simple cis- and trans- alkenes).
Addition to carbon-heteroatom multiple bonds: Addition to C=O double
bond, structure and reactivity, hydration, addition of ROH, RSH, CN-,
bisulphite, amine derivatives, hydride ions.
B3: Reactions at the carbonyl group:
Cannizzaro, Aldol, Perkin, Claisen ester, benzoin, benzil-benzilic acid
rearrangement, Mannich, Dieckmann, Michael, Strobe, Darzen, Wittig, Doebner,
Knoevenagel, Reformatsky reactions.
B4. Oxidation and Reduction:
Reduction of C=C, Meerwein-Pondorf reaction, Wolff-Kishner and Birch
reduction.
Oxidation of C=C, hydration, hydroxylation, hydroboration, ozonolysis,
epoxidation, Sharpless epoxidation.
B5. Electrocyclic Reactions:
Molecular orbital symmetry, frontier orbitals of ethylene, 1,3-butadiene, 1,3,5-
hexatriene, allyl system, FMO approach, pericyclic reactions, Woodward-
Hoffman correlation diagram method and perturbation molecular orbital (PMO)
approach for the explanation of pericyclic reactions under thermal and
photochemical conditions. Simple cases of Norrish type-I and type-II reactions.
Conrotatory and disrotatory motions of (4n) and (4n+2) polyenes with emphasis
on [2+2] and [4+2] cycloadditions, sigmatropic rearrangements- shift of H and
carbon moieties, Claisen, Cope, Sommerlet-Hauser rearrangement.
B6. Spectroscopic methods of analysis:
Infrared spectroscopy: Characteristic frequencies of organic molecules and
interpretation of spectra. Modes of molecular vibrations, characteristic
stretching frequencies of O-H, N-H, C-H, C-D, C=C, C=N, C=O functions; factors
affecting stretching frequencies.
Ultraviolet spectroscopy: Chromophores, auxochromes. Electronic transitions
(σ−σ*, n-σ*, π-π* and n-π*), relative positions of λmax considering conjugative
effect, steric effect, solvent effect, red shift (bathochromic shift), blue shift
(hypsochromic shift), hyperchromic effect, hypochromic effect (typical examples).
Woodward rules. Applications of UV spectroscopy to conjugated dienes, trienes,
unsaturated carbonyl compounds and aromatic compounds.
Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectrometry: (Proton and Carbon-13 NMR)
Nuclear spin, NMR active nuclei, principle of proton magnetic resonance,
equivalent and non-equivalent protons. Measurement of spectra, the chemical
shift, shielding / deshielding of protons, upfield and downfield shifts, intensity
of NMR signals and integration factors affecting the chemical shifts: spin-spin
coupling to 13C IH-IH first order coupling: some simple IH-IH splitting patterns:
the magnitude of IH-IH coupling constants, diamagnetic anisotropy.
Mass spectrometry: Basic Principles, the mass spectrometer, isotope
abundances; the molecular ion, metastable ions. McLafferty rearrangement.

Syllabus of Combined Geo-Scientist (Main) Examination

Stage-II (Descriptive Type)

Chemistry : Paper-II (Physical Chemistry)

1. Kinetic theory and the gaseous state:
Real gases, Deviation of gases from ideal behaviour; compressibility factor; van
der Waals equation of state and its characteristic features. Existence of critical
state. Critical constants in terms of van der Waals constants. Law of
corresponding states and significance of second virial coefficient. Boyle
temperature.
2. Solids: Nature of solid state. Band theory of solids: Qualitative idea of band
theory, conducting, semiconducting and insulating properties.
Law of constancy of angles, concept of unit cell, different crystal systems,
Bravais lattices, law of rational indices, Miller indices, symmetry elements in
crystals. X-ray diffraction, Bragg's law.
3. Chemical thermodynamics and chemical equilibrium:
Chemical potential in terms of Gibbs energy and other thermodynamic state
functions and its variation with temperature and pressure. Gibbs-Duhem
equation; fugacity of gases and fugacity coefficient. Thermodynamic conditions
for equilibrium, degree of advancement. vant Hoff's reaction isotherm.
Equilibrium constant and standard Gibbs energy change. Definitions of KP, KC
and Kx; vant Hoff's reaction isobar and isochore. Activity and activity coefficients
of electrolytes / ions in solution. Debye-Hückel limiting law.
4. Chemical kinetics and catalysis:
Second order reactions. Determination of order of reactions. Parallel and
consecutive reactions. Temperature dependence of reaction rate, energy of
activation. Collision Theory and Transition State Theory of reaction rates.
Enthalpy of activation, entropy of activation, effect of dielectric constant and
ionic strength on reaction rate, kinetic isotope effect.
Physisorption and chemisorption, adsorption isotherms, Freundlich and
Langmuir adsorption isotherms, BET equation, surface area determination;colloids, electrical double layer and colloid stability, electrokinetic phenomenon.
Elementary ideas about soaps and detergents, micelles, emulsions.
5. Electrochemistry:
Types of electrochemical cells, cell reactions, emf and Nernst equation, ᐃG, ᐃH
and ᐃS of cell reactions. Cell diagrams and IUPAC conventions. Standard cells.
Half-cells / electrodes, types of reversible electrodes. Standard electrode
potential and principles of its determination. Concentration cells. Determination
of ᐃGº, Kº, Ksp and pH.
Basic principles of pH metric and potentiometric titrations, determination of
equivalence point and pKa values.
6. Quantum chemistry:
Eigenfunctions and eigenvalues. Uncertainty relation, Expectation value.
Hermitian operators. Schrödinger time-independent equation: nature of the
equation, acceptability conditions imposed on the wave functions and
probability interpretation of wave function. Schrödinger equation for particle in
a one-dimensional box and its solution. Comparison with free particle
eigenfunctions and eigenvalues. Particle in a 3-D box and concept of
degeneracy.
7. Basic principles and applications of spectroscopy:
Electromagnetic radiation, interaction with atoms and molecules and
quantization of different forms of energies. Units of frequency, wavelength and
wavenumber. Condition of resonance and energy of absorption for various types
of spectra; origin of atomic spectra, spectrum of hydrogen atom.
Rotational spectroscopy of diatomic molecules: Rigid rotor model, selection
rules, spectrum, characteristic features of spectral lines. Determination of bond
length, effect of isotopic substitution.
Vibrational spectroscopy of diatomic molecules: Simple Harmonic Oscillator
model, selection rules and vibration spectra. Molecular vibrations, factors
influencing vibrational frequencies. Overtones, anharmonicity, normal mode
analysis of polyatomic molecules.
Raman Effect: Characteristic features and conditions of Raman activity with
suitable illustrations. Rotational and vibrational Raman spectra.
8. Photochemistry:
Franck-Condon principle and vibrational structure of electronic spectra. Bond
dissociation and principle of determination of dissociation energy. Decay of
excited states by radiative and non-radiative paths. Fluorescence and
phosphorescence, Jablonski diagram. Laws of photochemistry: Grotthus-Draper
law, Stark-Einstein law of photochemical equivalence; quantum yield and its
measurement for a photochemical process, actinometry. Photostationary state.
Photosensitized reactions. Kinetics of HI decomposition, H2-Br2 reaction,
dimerisation of anthracene.

Syllabus of Combined Geo-Scientist (Main) Examination

Stage-II (Descriptive Type)

Chemistry : Paper-I (Inorganic Chemistry)

1. Inorganic solids:

Defects, non-stoichiometric compounds and solid solutions, atom and ion
diffusion, solid electrolytes. Synthesis of materials, monoxides of 3d-metals,
higher oxides, complex oxides (corundrum, ReO3, spinel, pervoskites),
framework structures (phosphates, aluminophosphates, silicates, zeolites),
nitrides and fluorides, chalcogenides, intercalation chemistry, semiconductors,
molecular materials.
2. Chemistry of coordination compounds:
Isomerism, reactivity and stability: Determination of configuration of cis- and
trans- isomers by chemical methods. Labile and inert complexes, substitution
reactions on square planar complexes, trans effect. Stability constants of
coordination compounds and their importance in inorganic analysis.
Structure and bonding: Elementary Crystal Field Theory: splitting of dn
configurations in octahedral, square planar and tetrahedral fields, crystal field
stabilization energy, pairing energy. Jahn-Teller distortion. Metal-ligand
bonding, sigma and pi bonding in octahedral complexes and their effects on the
oxidation states of transition metals. Orbital and spin magnetic moments, spin only moments and their correlation with effective magnetic moments, d-d
transitions; LS coupling, spectroscopic ground states, selection rules for
electronic spectral transitions; spectrochemical series of ligands, charge transfer
spectra.
3. Acid base titrations:
Titration curves for strong acid-strong base, weak acid-strong base and weak
base-strong acid titrations, polyprotic acids, poly-equivalent bases, determining
the equivalence point: theory of acid-base indicators, pH change range of
indicator, selection of proper indicator. Principles used in estimation of mixtures
of NaHCO3 and Na2CO3 (by acidimetry).
4. Gravimetric Analysis:
General principles: Solubility, solubility product and common ion effect, effect of
temperature on the solubility; Salt hydrolysis, hydrolysis constant, degree of
hydrolysis.
Stoichiometry, calculation of results from gravimetric data. Properties of
precipitates. Nucleation and crystal growth, factors influencing completion of
precipitation. Co-precipitation and post-precipitation, purification and washing
of precipitates. Precipitation from homogeneous solution. A few common
gravimetric estimations: chloride as silver chloride, sulphate as barium
sulphate, aluminium as oxinate and nickel as dimethyl glyoximate.
5. Redox Titrations:
Standard redox potentials, Nernst equation. Influence of complex formation,
precipitation and change of pH on redox potentials, Normal Hydrogen Electrode
(NHE). Feasibility of a redox titration, redox potential at the equivalence point,
redox indicators. Redox potentials and their applications.
Principles behind Iodometry, permanganometry, dichrometry, difference
between iodometry and iodimetry. Principles of estimation of iron, copper,
manganese, chromium by redox titration.
6. Complexometric titrations:
Complex formation reactions, stability of complexes, stepwise formation
constants, chelating agents. EDTA: acidic properties, complexes with metal ions,
equilibrium calculations involving EDTA, conditional formation constants,
derivation of EDTA titration curves, effect of other complexing agents, factors
affecting the shape of titration curves: indicators for EDTA titrations, titration
methods employing EDTA: direct, back and displacement titrations, indirect
determinations, titration of mixtures, selectivity, masking and demasking
agents. Typical applications of EDTA titrations: hardness of water, magnesium
and aluminium in antacids, magnesium, manganese and zinc in a mixture,
titrations involving unidentate ligands: titration of chloride with Hg2+ and
cyanide with Ag+.
7. Organometallic compounds:
18-electron rule and its applications to carbonyls and nature of bonding
involved therein. Simple examples of metal-metal bonded compounds and metal
clusters. Wilkinson’s catalyst.
8. Nuclear chemistry:
Radioactive decay- General characteristics, decay kinetics, parent-daughter
decay growth relationships, determination of half-lives. Nuclear stability. Decay theories. Unit of radioactivity. Preparation of artificial radionuclides by
bombardment, radiochemical separation techniques. Experimental techniques
in the assay of radioisotopes, Geiger-Muller counters. Solid state detectors.
9. Chemistry of d- and f-block elements:
d-block elements: General comparison of 3d, 4d and 5d elements in terms of
electronic configuration, elemental forms, metallic nature, atomization energy,
oxidation states, redox properties, coordination chemistry, spectral and
magnetic properties.
f-block elements: Electronic configuration, ionization enthalpies, oxidation
states, variation in atomic and ionic (3+) radii, magnetic and spectral properties
of lanthanides, separation of lanthanides (by ion-exchange method).

Syllabus of Combined Geo-Scientist (Main) Examination

Stage-II (Descriptive Type)

Geophysics : Paper-III

PART-A

A1. Radiometric and Airborne Geophysics:
Principles of radioactivity, radioactivity decay processes, units, radioactivity of
rocks and minerals, Instruments, Ionization chamber, G-M counter,
Scintillation counter, Gamma ray spectrometer, Radiometric prospecting for
mineral exploration (Direct/Indirect applications), beach placers, titanium,
zirconium and rare-earths, radon studies in seismology and environmental
applications. Airborne geophysical surveys (gravity, magnetic, electromagnetic
and radiometric), planning of surveys, flight path recovery methods.
Applications in geological mapping, identification of structural features and
altered zones.
A2. Marine Geophysics:
Salinity, temperature and density of sea water. Introduction to Sea-floor
features: Physiography, divisions of sea floor, continental shelves, slopes, and
abyssal plains, growth and decline of ocean basins, turbidity currents,
occurrence of mineral deposits and hydrocarbons in offshore. Geophysical
surveys and instrumentation: Gravity, Magnetic and electromagnetic surveys,
Sonobuoy surveys, Instrumentation used in ship borne surveys, towing cable
and fish, data collection and survey procedures, corrections and interpretation
of data. Oceanic magnetic anomalies, Vine-Mathews hypothesis, geomagnetic
time scale and dating sea floor, Oceanic heat flow, ocean ridges, basins,
marginal basins, rift valleys. Seismic surveys, energy sources, Pinger, Boomer,
Sparker, Air gun, Hydrophones and steamer cabling. Data reduction and
interpretation. Ocean Bottom Seismic surveys. Bathymetry, echo sounding,
bathymetric charts, sea bed mapping. Navigation and Position fixing methods.
A3. Geophysical Signal Processing:
Time Series, Types of signals, sampling theorem, aliasing effect, Fourier series of
periodic waveforms, Fourier transform and its properties, Discrete Fourier
transform and FFT, Hilbert Transform, Convolution and Deconvolution, Auto
and cross correlations, Power spectrum, Delta function, unit step function. Time
domain windows, Z transform and properties, Inverse Z transform. Poles and
zeroes. Principles of digital filters, types of filters: recursive, non recursive, time invariant, Chebyshev, Butterworth, moving average, amplitude and phase
response of filters, low pass, band pass and high pass filters. Processing of
Random signals. Improvement of signal to noise ratio, source and geophone
arrays as spatial filters. Earth as low pass filter.
A4. Remote Sensing and Geohydrology:
Fundamental concepts of remote sensing, electromagnetic radiation spectrum,
Interaction of electromagnetic energy and its interactions in atmosphere and
surface of the earth, elements of photographic systems, reflectance and
emittance, false color composites, remote sensing platforms, flight planning,
geosynchronous and sun synchronous orbits, sensors, resolution, parallax and
vertical exaggeration, relief displacement, mosaic, aerial photo interpretation
and geological application. Fundamentals of photogrammetry, satellite remote
sensing, multi-spectral scanners, thermal scanners, microwave remote sensing,
fundamental of image processing and interpretation for geological applications.
Types of water bearing formations, porosity, permeability, storage coefficient,
specific storage, specific retention, specific yield, Different types of aquifers,
vertical distribution of ground water, General flow equation; steady and
unsteady flow of ground water in unconfined and confined aquifers.

PART-B

B1. Solid State Physics and Basic Electronics
Crystalline and amorphous structure of matter; Different crystal systems, Space
groups; Methods of determination of crystal structure; X-ray diffraction,
Scanning and transmission electron microscopes; Band theory of solids,
conductors, insulators and semiconductors; Thermal properties of solids,
Specific heat: Einstein's and Debye theory; Magnetism: dia, para and ferro;
Elements of superconductivity; Meissner effect, Josephson junctions and
applications; Elementary ideas about high temperature superconductivity.
Semiconductor devices and circuits: Intrinsic and Extrinsic semiconductors;
Devices and structures (p-n junctions, diodes, transistors, FET, JFET and
MOSFET, homo and hetero junction transistors, thermistors), Device
characteristics, Frequency dependence and applications. Opto-electronic devices
(solar cells, photo detectors, LEDs) Operational amplifiers and their
applications.
B2. Laser systems
Spontaneous and stimulated emission of radiation. Coherence, Light
amplification and relation between Einstein A and B coefficients. Rate equations
for three and four level systems. Lasers: Ruby, Nd-YAG, CO2, Dye, Excimer,
Semiconductor. Laser cavity modes, Line shape function and full width at half
maximum (FWHM) for natural broadening, collision broadening, Doppler
broadening; Saturation behavior of broadened transitions, Longitudinal and
transverse modes. Mode selection, ABCD matrices and cavity stability criteria
for confocal resonators. Quality factor, Expression for intensity for modes
oscillating at random and mode-locked in phase. Methods of Q-switching and
mode locking. Optical fiber waveguides, Fiber characteristics.
B3. Digital electronics, Radar systems, Satellite communications
Digital techniques and applications: Boolean identities, de Morgan's theorems,
Logic gates and truth tables; Simple logic circuits: registers, counters,
comparators and similar circuits). A/D and D/A converters. Microprocessor:
basics and architecture; Microcontroller basics. Combination and sequential
logic circuits, Functional diagram, Timing diagram of read and write cycle, Data
transfer techniques: serial and parallel. Fundamentals of digital computers.
Radar systems, Signal and data processing, Surveillance radar, Tracking radar,
Radar antenna parameters. Fundamentals of satellite systems, Communication
and Orbiting satellites, Satellite frequency bands, Satellite orbit and
inclinations. Earth station technology.
B4. Quantum Mechanics
Wave-particle duality; Wave functions in coordinate and momentum
representations; Commutators and Heisenberg's uncertainty principle;
Schrodinger’s wave equation (time-dependent and time-independent);
Eigenvalue problems: particle in a box, harmonic oscillator, tunneling through a
1-D barrier; Motion in a central potential; Orbital angular momentum; Addition
of angular momentum; Hydrogen atom; Matrix representation; Dirac's bra and
ket notations; Time-independent perturbation theory and applications;
Variational method; WKB approximation; Time dependent perturbation theory
and Fermi's Golden Rule; Selection rules; Semi-classical theory of radiation;
Elementary theory of scattering, Phase shifts, Partial waves, Born
approximation; Identical particles, Pauli's exclusion principle, Spin-statistics
connection; Relativistic quantum mechanics: Klein Gordon and Dirac equations.